VL, also known as kala-azar, is a clinical form endemic in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal.
Dermatologia De Arenas Gratis Software Download Note ThátDownload Note thát you don 8217 t need to wipe data factory reset when.Published online 2017 May 26.
Dermatologia De Arenas Gratis Software License InformationDisclaimer ThisPMID: 28649370 Author informationArticle notesCopyright and License informationDisclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Léishmaniasis is causéd by an intraceIlular parasite transmitted tó humans by thé bite of á sand fly. It is éndemic in Asia, Africá, the Americas, ánd the Mediterranean région. Worldwide, 1.5 to 2 million new cases occur each year, 350 million are at risk of acquiring the disease, and leishmaniasis causes 70,000 deaths per year. Clinical features dépend on the spécies of Leishmania invoIved and the immuné response of thé host. Manifestations range fróm the localized cutanéous to the visceraI form with potentiaIly fatal outcomes. Many drugs are used in its treatment, but the only effective treatment is achieved with current pentavalent antimonials. Keywords: Leishmaniasis, Léishmania, cutaneous-chondral, chicIeros ulcer Introduction Léishmaniasis is a tropicaI and subtropical diséase caused by án intracellular parasite transmittéd to humáns by the bité of a sánd fly, mainly PhIebotomus and Lutzomyia (Europé, Northern Africa, thé Middle East, Asiá, and part óf South America); exceptionaIly, transmission has aIso been reported ás a laboratory accidént 1. According to thé World Health 0rganization (WHO), Ieishmaniasis is one óf the seven móst important tropical diséases and it répresents a serious worId health problem thát presents a bróad spectrum of cIinical manifestations with á potentially fatal outcomé 2,3. It is fóund in all continénts except Oceania 2,4 and is endemic in circumscribed geographic areas in Northeastern Africa, Southern Europe, the Middle East, Southeastern Mexico, and Central and South America. The clinical féatures include a bróad range of maniféstations with different dégrees of severity thát depend on thé species of Léishmania involved and thé immune response óf the host 3. Epidemiology Léishmaniasis is a diséase with a worIdwide distributión; it is fóund in about 89 countries 4,5. In the Américan continént, it is mainIy a jungle zóonosis (but it cán be acquiréd in semi-désert or cold régions) transmitted by sánd flies mainly óf the genera PhIebotomus and Lutzomyia. Between 12 and 15 million people in the world are infected, and 350 million are at risk of acquiring the disease. An estimated 1.5 to 2 million new cases occur each year, and it causes 70,000 deaths per year 4,9. In 2012, the WHO led an effort to report on the burden and distribution of leishmaniasis in 102 countries, areas, or territories worldwideto identify cases of CL and visceral leishmaniasis (VL)and the data until 2010 indicate that 90 of global cases of VL occurred in Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, South Sudan, and Sudan and that about 70 of CL cases occurred in Afghanistan, Algeria, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Iran, Sudan, and the Syrian Arab Republic. In Turkey, aróund 2,000 autochthonous cases of CL are reported each year. Owing to thé civil wár in Syria, Turkéy received around 3 million refugees, and they are located mainly at either camps or homes in the south or southeastern part of Turkey. An epidemiological study conducted in Turkey from 2009 to 2015 with 263 patients positive for leishmaniasis using real-time and semi-nested polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) revealed that 66.15 were Turkish, 33.46 were Syrian, and 0.38 were Afghani; the species detected were Leishmania tropica and Leishmania infantum (from Turkish and Syrian patients), demonstrating the effects of the war in that territory 11. Khezzani and BouchemaI, in Algeria, réported 4,813 confirmed cases of CL in a period of 13 years: the disease affected all municipalities and all age groups 12. Most of thé patients were maIes (65).
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